The fear of Sabino's assassins

Source:

http://periodicoellibertario.blogspot.com/2013/07/el-miedo-de-los-asesinos-de-sabino.html

This post has been edited, it is not the same one, it is similar, but it was taken from the one above.

The fear of Sabino's assassins

Sociedad Homo et Natura

Fear and terror is not only felt by the Yukpa noways, it comes back the year the city was being built by the Canary Island descendants. In the year of 1872 some troops, commanded by Venancio Pulgar, started to burn the Villa, a territory where Yukpas lived, by 1890 their territory was stolen in the name of "progress" and a "more civilized" culture, and of course power.

Although it is a constant and painful fear, the cards are turning around, fear is now being felt by the ranchers who inherited the stolen lands, whom they are now facing trials for their terror methods, organized crime and the murder of Yukpas. One of the Yukpas killed was Sabino Romero.

The family structure of the ranchers is a closed minded one, they think they are above the law and that the murder of social leaders or Yukpas is not a big deal as long as they support the same law they brake. Those rancher are using all their power in order to keep that stolen land theirs, and with some criminal and indirect methods they send to kill any Yukpa leader who defy them, or corrupt them through gifts like some cows, goats and money.

Moreover, those methods have consequences and the Yukpas aren't falling for it anymore and are being moved by the lost of their leader who died for their land, the libertarian Sabino, a leader who spark hopes into the minds and spirits of the Yukpas.

Plan to exterminate the Sabino's family

The ranchers wont forgive Sabino and the resistance struggle he died for, because nowadays there are organizations that are fighting among the Yukpas rights, making sure the law is respected.

That Yukpa's resistance for their land is also a psychological struggle, because Yukpas who have been corrupted by the treasures of the city, given some power and some kind of social status, are also against those who fight for their land. It is true what some say, if you can beat them join them, and for 123 years, some Yukpas could not resist the temptations of a global culture and their treasure and joined the other side of the struggle, sometimes by being tricked, selling their land for some momentary necessities, or their lack of knowledge in terms of laws.

In addition to the rancher's psychological side, where it seem that their minds are filled with racism and classicism, where the police and military are used to do their dirty work, thinking their status of opulence, power, and impunity for 123 years has been compromised by the Yukpas resistance struggle, fear is what they have encounter, because they know that in their perijanero being, their richness comes from their stolen land and the abuses they have made to keep it that way.

They also knew this struggle would reach a point but didn't know how, when or where.

It was Sabino, his people and the organizations who in solidarity with the Yukpas struggle were growing to a point where now any social leader, or Human Rights agent, or any activist knows about the Yukpa lands and Yukpa rights. A legend that Sabino and his people were bringing back into reality, Guaicaipuro himself, the one who fought against the invasion of the colonist back in 1592.

Sabinos death and some speculations.

Sabino was found dead on the 3rd of March, his struggle made him a lot of enemies, one of them was the Yukpa chief of Tukuko Alfonso Isnopa, one that had contacts with the ranchers and the officials. Some speculations say that 600 thousand bolivares were paid to hit-men and the police in order to kill Sabino, a Yukpa leader who wanted union instead of the division Alfonso Isnopa is promoting.

This speculation has formed a controversy among the Irapa who don't want Alfonso Isnopa to represent them, dividing into other kinds of centers were they are protected by the government, who later can then be transformed into communes.

Then catch is that any tribe that is not in those centers wont get any credits, schools, roads and other aid. If Chiquitin, a Yukpa leader*, would have been able to win 64 Yukpa communities, this division would not happen, but for now, 6 fractions have been created and Isnopa got the Tukuko one, plus other two communities.

kidnapping and witness murder

Since one of the most wanted hit-man was captured by the special anti extortion and kidnapping force, a wave of violence as been released. A special witness was murdered, a cop named Ronald Petit and his son were murdered, and two kidnapping were committed, one that lasted 24 hours the other 21 days. The rumors said that they did not pay the hit-man who is in a criminal group called the Midgets of Aponte Aponte. But this kidnappings were planted in order to divert their attention to Sabino's sons.

All that time was sufficient to criminalize Sabino's tree sons but it was evident that its origins were made by the ranchers, the police and some public ministry attorneys. In the future, when the people around the cities start to care more about this kind of injustices, this would not be that common, but first it has to start by forming a strong Yukpa community and protecting the laws that were made to protect the Yukpa lands and rights.

Memorias falsas en el cerebro

Traducida del sitio:

http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/neuroscientists-plant-false-memories-in-the-brain-0725.html

Neurocientificos plantan memorias falsas en el cerebro.

El MIT estudia tambien la ubicacion de donde el cerebro guarda los rastros de la memoria, ambos falsos y autenticos.

by Anne Trafton, MIT News Office

Este fenomeno de la memoria falsa ha estado bien documentada: en muchos casos de la corte, donde los
defendidos has sido encontrados culpables basado por los testimonios de los testigos y de las victimas quienes han asegurado sus recolecciones, pero luego evidencia de ADN han anulado la condena.

En pasos para entender como estas memorias defectuasas surgen, los neurocientificos del MIT han presentado avances cientificos que pueden implantar falsas memorias dentro del cerebro del raton. Ademas de esto los neurocientificos han encontrado que muchas de estos trasos neurologicos creados por las memorias son identicas en naturaleza con las memorias autenticas.

"Siendo la memoria falsa o genuina, el mecanismo neurologico del cerebro que llama estas memorias es el mismo," dice Susumu  Tonegawa, el profesor de biologia y Neurociencia y principal autor de los ensayos que describen los resultados en la edicion de Ciencia del 25 de Julio.

El estudio tambien provee mas evidencia de que las memorias estan guardadas en una red de neuronas que forman trasos de memoria por cada experiencia que tengamos. - Un fenomeno demostrado por el laboratorio de Tonegawa el año pasado.

Neurocientificos han buscado por largo tiempo la localizacion de los trazos de estas memorias, tambien llamadas engrams. En el par de estudios elaborados por Tonegawa y sus colegas del instituto de Picopower Aprendizaje y Memoria del MIT, los hallazgos enseñan que pueden identificar las celulas que hacen parte de un engram por cualquier memoria especifica y reactivarla usando una tecnologia llamada optogenetics.

Los autores del ensayo son el graduado Steve Ramirez y el cientifico investigador  Xu Liu. Otros autores importantes como el asistente tecnico Pei-Ann Lin, investigador cientifico Junghyup Suh, y post-doctorados Michele Pignatelli, Roger Redondo y Tomas Ryan.

Buscando el engram

Memorias episodicas - Memorias de la experiencia - estan hechas por la asociacion de varios elementos, incluyendo los recuerdos de objetos, espacio y tiempo. Estas asociaciones estan codificadas por un quimico y cambios fisicos en las neuronas, como tambien por las modificaciones entre las conecciones y las neuronas.

En donde estan estos engrams en el cerebro ha sido una pregunta de hace tiempo en la neurociencia. "EstA la informacion esparcida en varias partes del cerebro, o hay una parte particular en el area del cerebro que se basa en guardar este tipo de memoria? Esta pregunta ha sido fundamental, "Segun Tonegawa.

En los años de 1940, El Canadiense neurocirujano Wilder Penfield sugirio que las memorias episodias estan localizadas en el lobulo temporal del cerebro. Cuando Penfield estimulo electricamente las celulas del lobo temporal de los  pacientes que iban a tener cirugia para tratar los ataques de epilepcia, los pacientes reportaban que memorias especificas salian de sus mentes. Luego los estudios de amnesia conocidos como "H.M" confirmaron que el lobo temporal, incluyendo algunas areas conocidas del Hipocampo , son criticas para la formacion de estas memorias episodicas.

Aun asi, estos estudios no probaron que los engrams estan actualmente guardados en el hipocampo, segun Tonegawa. Para hacer este caso, los cientificos necesitan ver como activar grupos especificos de las celulas del hippocampal para producir y retomar las memorias.

Para lograr esto, el laboratorio de Tonegawa recurrio a la optogenetica, una nueva tecnologia que permite a las celulas selectivamente prenderse o apagarse usando la luz.

Por este par de estudios, los investigadores ingeniaron celulas del hipocampal de ratones para expresar el gen de channelrhodopsin, una proteina que activa las neuronas cuando las estimula la luz. Tambien modificaron el gen para que la channelrhodopsin, cuando prendida la luz, produsca los genes c-fos, necesarios para la formacion de la memoria.

El estudio del año pasado, los investigadores acondicionaron al  mismo raton para que le tema a una camara que le proporcionaba un impacto electrico. Mientras esta memoria se formaba, los genes c-fos permanecian apagados, al igual que el gen channelrhodopsin modificado. De esta forma, las celulas codificadas de la memoria trasadas eran "marcadas" con una proteina sensible a la luz.

Al siguiente dia, cuando el raton lo ponian en diferentes camaras que nunca habian visto, estos se comportaban normalmente. Sin embargo, cuando los investigadores le proporsionaban un pulso de luz al hipocampus, estimulando las celulas de la memoria marcadas con el channelrhodopsin, el raton se congelaba del miedo cuando las memorias del dia anterior eran reactivadas.

"Comparadas con gran parte de los estudios que tratan el cerebro como una caja negra intentando acceder desde afuera hacia adentro, nosotros tratamos de acceder desde adentro hacia afuera," decia Liu. "La tecnologia que desarrollamos para este estudio nos ha dado la oportunidad del diseccionar y de incluso jugar con el proceso de la memoria, controlando directamente las celulas del cerebro."

Intruduciendo falsas memorias

Eso es lo que exactamente hicieron los investigadores en este nuevo estudio - exploraron si se pueden reactivar los engrams para plantar falsas memorias al cerebro del raton.

Primero, los investigadores pusieron al raton en otra camara, A, pero esta no le daba ningun choque electrico. Cuando el raton exploraba la camara, las celulas de la memoria eran marcadas con channelrhodopsin. Al dia sigiente, el raton era puesto en una segunda camara, distinta a la primera, B. Luego de un tiempo el rato recibia una carga electrica. En ese instante los investigadores usaron la luz para activar las celulas codificadas cuando el raton estaba en la camara A.

Al tercer dia, el raton era puesto nuevamente en la camara A, donde ahora este se congelaba del miedo, incluso al nunca haber recibido ningun choque electrico ahi. Una memoria falsa fue introducida:  el raton ahora le teme a la camara A porque cuando el choque electrico en la camara B era producido, el raton revivia la memoria del haber estado en la camara A.

Ademas, los investigadores encontraron que esta memoria falsa parecia competir con la memoria genuina de la camara B. Estos ratones tambien se congelaban cuando eran puestos en la camara B, pero no como el raton que recibia el choque electrico en la B sin que la memoria de la camara A fuese activada.

Los investigadores luego vieron que inmediatamente luego de hacer recordado la memoria falsa, los niveles de la actividad neural estaban tambien elevados en la amigdala, un centro de miedo en el cerebro que recibe la informacion de la memoria en el hipocampo, igual como si fuese creado por una memoria genuina.

Estod dos ensayos representan un gran paso adelante en la investigacion de la memoria, segun Howard Eichenbaum, un profesor de psycologia y director del centro de la Memoria y el cerebro de la universidad de Boston.

"Ellos identificaron una red neural asociada con la experiencia en el ambiente, pegando una asociacion de miedo con esto, para luego reactivar la red y desmostrar que la memoria apoya la expresion. Eso, para mi, muestra por primera vez un engram funcional," dice Eichenbaum, quien no fue parte del equipo de investigacion.

El equipo del MIT esta ahora planeando seguir los estudios del como la memoria puede ser distorcionada en el cerebro.

"Ahora que podemos reactivar y cambiar los contenidos de las memorias en el cerebro, podemos comenzar a preguntarnos como si estuviesemos en el reino de la filosofia," dice Ramirez. "Habran condiciones multiples que nos dirijan a la formacion de las memorias falsas? Podran las memorias falsas crearse para el placer y crear eventos artificiales?  Que tal memorias falsas por algo mas que solo contexto - memorias falsas para objetos, comida, u otros ratones? estas ahora nos acercan un poco mas a las preguntas de ciencia ficcion."

La investigacion fue fundada por el instituto de ciencias cerebrales de RIKEN.

Welcome Snowden (opinion article from a Venezuelan)

Article taken from TalCual:
http://www.talcualdigital.com/Nota/visor.aspx?id=88757&tipo=AVA

Welcome Mr. Snowden

by ELIZABETH ARAUJO

I must tell you, because you  eventually are going to be informed about it:  here in Venezuela, espionage is a common practice but not against other countries, but to our own citizens. I have told that in a so called floor number 6 of the CANTV building, there is a Cuban organization that wiretaps the phones of the leaders of the opposition, the government personnel and even their own Psuv party, those who are suspect of changing camps.

I have just been informed about your decision of coming to Venezuela. I heard the news when i was being detoured by the traffic of the expressway because some motorcycle man were surrounding, i don't know why, a girl who seem to be really scared and powerless, because she could not leave her car that was being hit by those antisocial.

Two wimpy "guards of the people" were just giving us orders to take the other route, but none did anything to stop the lynch, frequently the opposite happens when one looks bad at them, then they abuse their power upon you.

Welcome then, Mr Snowden to this country, where the one who won the elections won it in the most dubious way, such a way that the CNE denied to recount the votes as the opposition leader suggested, one that had the signatures and the names of all who voted, differently than relying on the machine, meaning that the one won possible won it by fraud.

But, when to know it, if Mrs. Tibisay Lucena is about to leave, the president of the CNE, and the judges of the TSJ have waited so long that they no longer remember about the case?

In all this, I congratulate you for having a place to go where you can be "calm", free from the government harassment, the one that hired you to wiretap the e-mails and phone calls of some European prime ministers and European citizens, and from an act of courage and honesty you denied to continue doing what was against your principles.

I applaud the government here, because it found the perfect justification to fight against the empire and divert the problems that the Venezuelans suffer: like insecurity, lack of food, the bad electric service, the incredible inflation, the lack of houses, the sad medical care and the bad shape of their roads, for just naming the seven plagues that were given by the "supreme commander".

You come to a nation that its main production is oil and is rich in it, which stands now at a rate of 100 dollars per barrel, something that doesn't mean that we are a rich country. You gonna see it when travelling around the Metro or when visiting one of the predominant barrios, if the presidential guard would let you go out from the agenda they have for you of course.

I must tell you, because you  eventually are going to be informed about it:  here in Venezuela, espionage is a common practice but not against other countries, but to our own citizens. I have told that in a so called floor number 6 of the CANTV building, there is a Cuban organization that wiretaps the phones of the leaders of the opposition, the government personnel and even their own Psuv party, those who are suspect of changing camps.

What are you gonna do about it, Mr. Snowden, because those Cuban agents do the same thing you just rejected with repugnance and had given you this mishap?

Even worst, Mr Snowden: after spying on their citizens, those recorded conversation, the same minister of information, in the most insolent way, praised it, which falls from the same immoral act you denounced.

So far, take this hug Mr. Snowden. You are coming to the Bolivar nation. From the beautiful girls, the great baseball players but also know about the red figures from this week alone. so then Mr. Snowden. Welcome.

Lost dignity, if it existed

Lost dignity, if it existed

Translated from:

Periodico semanario EL LIBERTARIO

by José Ángel Quintero Weir

One thing is dignity, another one, very far is pragmatism.

generally the left and the right define their borders with the ability to move within them, the limits of dignity does not add anything to the formula to make politics, or it becomes an element with a price, and object which value, they say, depends of politics alone, from there life as we know it loses all value, meaning, all dignity.

I was never a close friend of Sabino Romero, I am sure his closest friends and family talked bad about me, It was for linguistic and cultural reasons that we had differences, I mean, Sabino was a YUKPA-KARIBE and all my family was ARAWAKA. Even thou, we all, came to understand that Sabino was the leader of the fight in favor of their stolen land, their aboriginal territories in the actual context in Venezuela. But for them, for those who resist, those conservationist it was not about their land more than their existence, and for that, it is possible that we are now in the presentation of a mutual disrespectful event, in which the mobster boss of the mining companies in the state of Zulia(Arias Cardenas) who wants to dominate all aboriginal lands and whose minion, a cultural tool of his mob(Luisbi Portillo) whom we must recognize that got some deep connections with the aboriginal communities of the mining area of the Maracaibo Lake, connection that, in a greater part, we were responsible.

why does this happens? whats the motive?

As we can easily answer it, the process in which it was taken it kind of complex, cause in this case, the one involve in it, Luisbi Portillo, never understood his roots nor his culture, meaning, that he never learn anything from them, in fact, he never learn from Sabino, who, about two months ago before his vil death rejected any kind of corruption from the government, offered by the ministries of the aboriginals or from aboriginal personalities like Fruto Viva, whom, had the decency of quitting his purpose before the magnitude of Sabino death.

As it is, Luis Portillo is not Sabino, he never understood Sabino, he thought he was the one directing Sabino and his family, and never though otherwise. In fact, after 25 years in the range he never wanted to learn the aboriginal language, cause, by his account, he wanted everyone around to learn from him, not the contrary. Today, we see with pain how he is capable of subdue his back so the mobster boss of the Zulia's mines gives him a medal named after Sabino, as a symbolic representation of what Sabino could have been.

It is painful, sadness, but Sabino lives, and the fight for the Independence of the aboriginal lands continues.